---
title: "什么是 Zero-Knowledge (零知识证明)？"
canonical: https://wavect.io/zh/glossary/zero-knowledge/
language: zh
description: "一种密码学技术，可以在不泄露背后数据的前提下，证明某个陈述为真。"
image: "https://wavect.io/img/general/bak/open_graph_preview.jpg"
---

技术

# Zero-Knowledge

零知识证明

一种密码学技术，可以在不泄露背后数据的前提下，证明某个陈述为真。

最近审阅: 2026-05-24 审阅人 [Kevin Riedl](/zh/team/kevin-riedl/) [wiki ↗](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139796365)

零知识证明允许一方（证明者）让另一方（验证者）相信自己知道某条信息，而不揭示这条信息本身。经典例子：在不暴露出生日期的情况下，证明自己年满 18 岁。

在生产中，ZK 有两类常见形态。ZK-SNARK 体积更小、验证更快，但需要一次 Trusted Setup。ZK-STARK 更大也更慢，但不需要 Trusted Setup 且抗量子。多数链如今已经为常见证明（身份、余额、投票资格）提供了预制电路，所以你不必为了发布一个验证它们的 [智能合约](/zh/glossary/smart-contract/) 而在编制里养一个密码学家。

ZK 真正赚回成本的地方，举个实际例子：一家受监管的交易所必须向审计师证明每个用户都通过了 KYC，却不把一份包含姓名和护照号的数据库交给审计师。一个零知识证明让交易所证明「这组账户全部通过了 KYC 验证」，而底层身份保持私密。在欧盟，GDPR 让那份护照数据库成为一项你宁愿不持有的负债，所以这份隐私不是锦上添花，它就是要点本身。反例同样有教益：如果一次受信数据库查询就能让验证者满意，那 ZK 就是昂贵的表演。

诚实的工程取舍，以及创始人最常犯的错误：以为难的部分是密码学。数学是可靠的。风险住在电路里。一个细微出错的电路会产出一个完美通过验证、却证明了错误陈述的证明，而这个 Bug 在有人利用它之前都是隐形的。这就是为什么 ZK 工作属于 [账户抽象](/zh/glossary/account-abstraction/) 及其他审计不可协商的链上原语附近，而不是当作一个营销功能拴上去。商业理由比炒作窄：当你需要在链上（或对一个交易对手）证明某个属性而不泄露数据时，ZK 是真正有价值的。对多数消费级应用、以及多数顺嘴提它的 [web3](/zh/glossary/web3/) 项目来说，它是杀鸡用牛刀。

// FAQ

## 常见问题

### 什么时候 ZK 才真正值得？

当你需要向一个交易对手（监管者、链、合作伙伴）证明某个属性、却不泄露底层数据时：KYC 状态、余额门槛、投票资格、年龄、资质。如果这个证明可以用一次受信的数据库查询来替代，那 ZK 就是杀鸡用牛刀。

### SNARK 还是 STARK？

SNARK：证明更小、验证更快、需要 Trusted Setup、工具链更成熟。STARK：证明更大、验证更慢、不需要 Trusted Setup、抗量子。对当下大多数生产场景，选你目标链支持得最好的那一个，而不是白皮书写得更好的那一个。

### 生产环境的 ZK 系统会出什么问题？

电路 Bug（证明验证通过、却证明了错误的陈述）、Trusted Setup 被攻破，以及输入规模增长时证明者一侧的性能墙。密码学是可靠的；出大多数漏洞的地方，是它周围的工程。

相关术语

- [Web3](/zh/glossary/web3/)
- [智能合约](/zh/glossary/smart-contract/)
- [Account Abstraction](/zh/glossary/account-abstraction/)

相关服务

- [零知识](/zh/services/zero-knowledge/)

相关案例研究

- [LightBridge](/zh/case-studies/lightbridge/)
- [Polity](/zh/case-studies/polity/)

相关指南

- [如何挑选软件开发公司](/zh/software-development-guide/how-to-choose-a-software-agency/)

聊聊

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