---
title: "什么是 TDD (测试驱动开发)？"
canonical: https://wavect.io/zh/glossary/tdd/
language: zh
description: "先写测试。看它失败。写让它通过的最简代码。重构。重复。"
image: "https://wavect.io/img/general/bak/open_graph_preview.jpg"
---

方法

# TDD

测试驱动开发

先写测试。看它失败。写让它通过的最简代码。重构。重复。

最近审阅: 2026-05-24 审阅人 [Kevin Riedl](/zh/team/kevin-riedl/) [wiki ↗](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139796365)

TDD 是一种纪律，不是方法论。循环是：红（写一个会失败的测试）、绿（写让它通过的最简代码）、Refactor（在不破坏测试的前提下清理）。照字面做，它产出高测试覆盖率的代码，以及一种对抗过度工程的强制力。这种纪律只有在那些测试每次变更都跑时才会有回报，所以 TDD 和 [CI/CD](/zh/glossary/ci-cd/) 是兄弟，不是分开的两件事。

多数团队嘴上做 TDD、实际却不做的原因：当下先写测试感觉更慢。复利的回报（Refactor 安全、回归覆盖、朝更小单元的设计压力）要数月之后才显现。到那时，团队早已停止先写测试，并说服自己它从没起过作用。

TDD 在哪里赚回成本、在哪里只是表演，举个实际例子：一个支付对账模块有棘手的边缘情况（部分退款、货币舍入、重试）。先写那个会失败的测试，迫使你在代码存在之前就陈述期望行为，而当六个月后有人「简化」舍入时，那套套件抓住了回归。那是 TDD 在为自己买单。再对照一个你两周后就要删掉的一次性数据导入脚本：在那里先写测试纯属开销。诚实的规则是对逻辑密集、出错代价高的代码做 TDD，其余的不做。

最常见的错误是把覆盖率当成一个目标。追 90%，团队就会为 Getter 和 Setter 写测试去凑那个数字，却跳过真正 Bug 所在的集成测试。覆盖率是一个有用的诊断、一个糟糕的目标；它是个会被刷分的指标。Wavect 在它有回报的地方用 TDD：任何和钱相关的东西做集成测试，任何面向客户的东西做契约测试，产品需要读得懂的地方做 [BDD](/zh/glossary/bdd/) 式验收测试，不平凡的逻辑做单元测试。我们把难的部分测好，而不是把所有部分平均地测，并且把它当作一个健康的 [Agile](/zh/glossary/agile/) 循环里的一项实践，而不是一个要打的勾。

// FAQ

## 常见问题

### TDD 真的能让代码变得更好吗？

诚实地实践时，能：它迫使更小的单元、让坏设计早早浮现、并给你一张 Refactor 的安全网。为了合规而硬套上去时，不能：事后补测试再贴上 TDD 的标签，只会让你拿到开销而没有设计上的压力。

### TDD 在哪里不划算？

用完即弃的脚本、两周后就要丢的原型、没有逻辑的 UI 微调。TDD 在逻辑密集、回归代价高的代码上才大放异彩。其余的，写够能让你晚上睡得着的测试，而不是为了凑一个覆盖率数字。

### 把覆盖率当目标，行不行？

不行。覆盖率是一个有用的诊断，一个糟糕的目标。追 90% 覆盖率的团队会为 Getter 和 Setter 写测试，却跳过真正藏着 Bug 的集成测试。把难的部分测好，而不是把所有部分平均地测。

相关术语

- [BDD](/zh/glossary/bdd/)
- [Agile](/zh/glossary/agile/)
- [CI/CD](/zh/glossary/ci-cd/)
- [SDLC](/zh/glossary/sdlc/)

相关服务

- [软件开发](/zh/services/software-development/)

相关案例研究

- [Polity](/zh/case-studies/polity/)

相关指南

- [软件开发流程：从首次通话到完整交接](/zh/software-development-guide/software-development-process/)

聊聊

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