---
title: "什么是 Microservices？"
canonical: https://wavect.io/zh/glossary/microservices/
language: zh
description: "一种把应用拆分成许多个可独立部署的小服务的架构，它以真正的分布式系统复杂性为代价，换来扩展能力和团队独立性。"
image: "https://wavect.io/img/general/bak/open_graph_preview.jpg"
---

技术

# Microservices

一种把应用拆分成许多个可独立部署的小服务的架构，它以真正的分布式系统复杂性为代价，换来扩展能力和团队独立性。

最近审阅: 2026-06-02 审阅人 [Kevin Riedl](/zh/team/kevin-riedl/) [wiki ↗](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139796365)

微服务意味着把一个应用拆分成许多个小服务，每个服务负责业务的一块，且每个都能独立部署。你得到的不是一个所有东西都在同一进程中运行的程序，而是一支通过网络彼此通话的服务舰队。这个承诺是真实的：团队可以独立交付，你可以只扩展需要扩展的部分，而且一个服务可以故障却不拖垮整个系统。

代价同样真实，而且通常被低估。一旦你的函数调用变成跨网络的 [API](/zh/glossary/api/) 调用，你就有了一个分布式系统，而分布式系统很难。你继承了网络故障、延迟、分散在许多数据库中且没有简单事务的数据、服务之间的版本控制，以及运行、监控和调试许多活动部件而非一个的运维负担，这又抬高了对你 [CI/CD](/zh/glossary/ci-cd/) 成熟度的要求。一个过去只是一段堆栈跟踪的 bug，现在变成横跨五个服务和三个队列的追踪。

诚实的立场：大多数初创公司应该从单体（monolith）开始。一个结构良好的单一应用构建更快、调试容易得多，而且完全有能力把你带到真正的营收。当你有一个具体理由时再拆分成 [微服务](/zh/services/software-development/) ，比如团队大到一个代码库成为瓶颈，或一个工作负载确实需要独立扩展，而不是因为微服务是流行的答案。过早的微服务，是小团队把一个难题变成十个难题的方式。

Polity 运行在七个微服务上，这对它的规模和团队结构而言是正确的决定。这正是要点：架构应当跟随问题和组织架构图，而不是一场会议演讲。把边界画在它们确实能降低耦合的地方，并接受你画的每一条边界都是一次你现在必须捍卫的网络调用。

// FAQ

## 常见问题

### 什么是微服务？

一种把应用拆分成许多个可独立部署的小服务的架构，每个服务负责业务的一块，并通过网络与其他服务通话。它以分布式系统的复杂性为代价，换来独立部署和有针对性的扩展。

### 微服务与单体有何区别？

单体是一个进程中的一个应用，构建更快、调试容易得多。微服务是许多个联网的服务，更适合大团队和独立扩展，但运维难得多。大多数初创公司应该从单体开始，只在有具体理由时才拆分。

### 我们什么时候应该转向微服务？

当单一代码库已经成为团队的真正瓶颈时，或当一部分工作负载确实需要独立扩展时。不是因为它流行。过早的微服务会把一个难题变成十个，并拖慢一个小团队。

相关术语

- [SDLC](/zh/glossary/sdlc/)
- [CI/CD](/zh/glossary/ci-cd/)
- [API](/zh/glossary/api/)

相关服务

- [定制软件开发](/zh/services/software-development/)

相关案例研究

- [Polity](/zh/case-studies/polity/)

相关指南

- [如何为 MVP 选择技术栈](/zh/software-development-guide/how-to-choose-a-tech-stack-for-mvp/)

聊聊

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