---
title: "什么是 Layer 2 (L2)？"
canonical: https://wavect.io/zh/glossary/layer-2/
language: zh
description: "一条建立在基础区块链之上的链，以低成本、快速地处理交易，然后将证明回传到基础层以获得安全性。"
image: "https://wavect.io/img/general/bak/open_graph_preview.jpg"
---

技术

# Layer 2

Layer 2 (L2)

一条建立在基础区块链之上的链，以低成本、快速地处理交易，然后将证明回传到基础层以获得安全性。

最近审阅: 2026-06-02 审阅人 [Kevin Riedl](/zh/team/kevin-riedl/) [wiki ↗](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139796365)

Layer 2 是一条从 Layer 1（通常是以太坊）借用安全性的 [区块链](/zh/glossary/blockchain/) ，而不是从头运行自己的共识。L2 在基础链之外执行交易，将它们打包，并把结果回传到 L1。大多数 L2 都是 [EVM](/zh/glossary/evm/) 兼容的，所以同样的 Solidity 合约和工具链可以直接沿用。用户以一小部分成本和高得多的吞吐量，获得以太坊的安全保证。L2 之所以存在，是因为基础层的区块空间稀缺且昂贵：当以太坊繁忙时，一次简单转账的成本可能超过被转账的金额本身。

主流设计是 Rollup，它有两种类型。Optimistic Rollup（Arbitrum、Optimism、Base）假定交易有效，并允许一个挑战窗口，在此期间任何人都可以对欺诈性批次提出争议。ZK Rollup 使用零知识证明，在每个批次落到 L1 之前以数学方式证明其有效，从而消除了挑战延迟，但代价是更繁重的证明基础设施。Optimistic 在今天更简单、构建成本更低；ZK 是技术发展的方向。

那个让用户意外、也烧到没做规划的创始人的细节：回到 L1 的提款。在一条 Optimistic Rollup 上，挑战窗口意味着把资金从 L2 转到以太坊主网可能要花上大约一周，除非你付钱给第三方「快速桥」来垫付流动性。一个几秒钟就完成存款、并指望几秒钟就能提款的消费者，是不会去读你关于欺诈证明窗口的文档的；他只会觉得你的应用坏了，或者在偷他的钱。如果你在一条 Optimistic L2 上构建，提款体验是一个你从第一天起就必须围绕它来设计的产品问题，而不是一个实现细节。

Wavect 已在一条 L2（Boba Network）上交付生产系统，包括其混合计算模型，该模型允许智能合约在执行过程中调用链下代码。这种模式在将真实世界数据或繁重计算引入合约方面非常强大，而要安全地运维它确实很难。如果供应商把 L2 部署宣传为免费的扩展性胜利，请追问到 L1 的提款如何运作、终局性延迟有多长、以及由谁运行排序器。我们的 [区块链工作](/zh/services/blockchain/) 涵盖 L2 选型与部署。

// FAQ

## 常见问题

### 什么是 Layer 2？

一条在基础区块链之外低成本执行交易、并将证明回传到它以获得安全性的链。你以一小部分手续费和高得多的吞吐量，获得以太坊的大部分信任保证。

### Optimistic Rollup 与 ZK Rollup 有何区别？

Optimistic Rollup 假定有效并允许一个挑战窗口，这使得到 L1 的提款较慢（通常需要一周），但保持系统简单且构建成本低。ZK Rollup 以密码学方式证明有效性，消除了延迟，但代价是更繁重的证明基础设施。ZK 是前进方向；Optimistic 是今天务实的默认选择。

### 迁移到 L2 是免费的扩展性胜利吗？

不是。你会继承一个需要信任的新排序器、一段回到 L1 的提款延迟，以及需要重新测试的链特有怪癖。手续费的节省真实且可观，但应把 L2 视为一个有自身运维模型的部署目标，而不是一个魔法开关。

相关术语

- [EVM](/zh/glossary/evm/)
- [智能合约](/zh/glossary/smart-contract/)
- [Account Abstraction](/zh/glossary/account-abstraction/)
- [Blockchain](/zh/glossary/blockchain/)

相关服务

- [区块链](/zh/services/blockchain/)

相关案例研究

- [Account Abstraction](/zh/case-studies/account-abstraction/)
- [LightBridge](/zh/case-studies/lightbridge/)
- [MetaMask Snap](/zh/case-studies/metamask-snap/)

相关指南

- [如何挑选软件开发公司](/zh/software-development-guide/how-to-choose-a-software-agency/)

聊聊

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