---
title: "什么是 Blockchain？"
canonical: https://wavect.io/zh/glossary/blockchain/
language: zh
description: "一个共享的、只可追加的账本，由一组计算机在没有中心运营方的情况下达成共识。任何人都无法悄悄修改历史记录。"
image: "https://wavect.io/img/general/bak/open_graph_preview.jpg"
---

技术

# Blockchain

一个共享的、只可追加的账本，由一组计算机在没有中心运营方的情况下达成共识。任何人都无法悄悄修改历史记录。

最近审阅: 2026-06-02 审阅人 [Kevin Riedl](/zh/team/kevin-riedl/) [wiki ↗](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139796365)

区块链是一种具有两个不寻常属性的数据库。第一，它只可追加：你可以添加记录，但无法在不被所有参与者察觉的情况下重写已有记录。第二，没有单一一方控制它。一组节点运行相同的软件，并通过共识机制（工作量证明、权益证明或一种许可制变体）就下一个区块达成一致。其结果是一个多方可以在彼此不信任的情况下信任的账本。

区块链大致分为两类。公有区块链（以太坊、比特币、Solana）是开放的：任何人都可以读取它、运行节点或进行交易， [智能合约](/zh/glossary/smart-contract/) 系统和更广义的 [web3](/zh/glossary/web3/) 技术栈都住在这里。私有或许可制区块链限制谁可以参与，这通常意味着你用额外的步骤重建了一个更慢、更复杂的普通数据库。如果一家公司控制了所有节点，你得到的不是区块链的优势，而是一个你现在必须运维的分布式系统。

一锤定音的那个问题，举个实际例子：一家物流公司想要一条区块链「好让合作伙伴信任货运数据」。走一遍三项测试。这些记录需要在公司破产后存续吗？并不需要，运行这张网的就是这家公司。互不信任的各方需要在没有运营方的情况下共享状态吗？接近了，但实际上有一方明显是中枢，其他人都连到它。它们需要与其他链上系统做无需许可的可组合性吗？不需要。所以他们真正想要的，是一个权限设好、带审计日志和签名条目的共享数据库，它更便宜、更快，也是他们现有团队就能运维的东西。那套区块链说辞，解决的是一个签名加一个只读副本早已解决的信任问题。

诚实的立场：大多数被宣传为需要区块链的项目其实并不需要。区块链只有在以下情况下才值得其复杂性：你需要能在运营方破产后存续的资产、彼此不信任的各方之间的共享状态，或无需许可的可组合性。其余的一切都是数据库。当公有链确实是正确选择时，手续费和吞吐量通常会把构建推向一条 [Layer 2](/zh/glossary/layer-2/) ，而不是基础层。我们交付过真正的区块链系统，也劝退过比我们构建的更多的客户。我们的 [区块链工作](/zh/services/blockchain/) 从你是否真的需要它开始。

// FAQ

## 常见问题

### 用通俗的话说，区块链是什么？

一个共享账本，许多计算机各自保存一份副本并通过共识达成一致，因此没有任何单一一方可以重写历史。它以速度和简洁性换取在没有受信中心权威的情况下运行的能力。

### 公有还是私有区块链？

公有链以手续费和透明度为代价，给你抗审查性和无需许可的访问。私有链放弃了这些好处，通常最终沦为一个更慢的数据库。如果一个实体控制了节点，普通数据库几乎总是更好的工程选择。

### 我的项目真的需要区块链吗？

三项测试：资产是否必须在公司破产后存续，互不信任的各方是否需要在没有中心运营方的情况下共享状态，你是否需要无需许可的可组合性？如果都不适用，你需要的是数据库，而不是区块链。

相关术语

- [智能合约](/zh/glossary/smart-contract/)
- [Web3](/zh/glossary/web3/)
- [EVM](/zh/glossary/evm/)
- [Layer 2](/zh/glossary/layer-2/)

相关服务

- [区块链](/zh/services/blockchain/)

相关案例研究

- [Account Abstraction](/zh/case-studies/account-abstraction/)
- [SKD Dresden](/zh/case-studies/skd-dresden/)

相关指南

- [如何挑选软件开发公司](/zh/software-development-guide/how-to-choose-a-software-agency/)

聊聊

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